RCR 280: Unified type conversion framework

As of ruby 1.8 there is no standard way to provide a transformation (conversion) from one "type" of object to another.
This RCR propose a generalized framework that is completely extensible and is more general and powerful than the simple convention used now.

Currently Ruby has no well-defined mechanism for converting one type of object into another; it only has a convention. The standard library methods such as to_s and to_i follow a naming convention that is not extensible (third party users write to_class, while the standard library methods write to_c), lack error checking, and pollute the method namespaces of classes that provide these conversions.
If error checking is desired, the user must use global methods String() and Integer(), which don't match the usual convention, and require the use of a user-defined dispatch mechanism to dispatch based on the source type.

A method is added to Object (possible names: #to, #to_type, #as -- we'll use #to in the RCR) accepting a parameter wich represents the target type of the transformation.
Transformation paths are kept as Callable objects in a global registry.

We dare to use the word type, because this system is not limited to converting
classes or modules. The proposed system does not limit in any way the concept
of starting and target type. Even if the basic building blocks are still
classes and modules we can use properties or state of an object to direct the
tranformation. The proposal considers that types not represented from Classes
or Modules may be supplied as a symbol to the #to method, say:

   a=some_string.to(:CapitalizedString)

The Callable object stored in the registry may return a newly created object, wrap
it in a proxy, add singleton methods or include modules. It can be even used
as an assertion facility, say:

  a=3.to :Odd #=> 3
  a=4.to :Odd #=> TypeError

This way the various is_a?, kind_of? and
respond_to? may be factored in a
conversion path that allows simple declarative usage, centralized management
and crash-early behaviour, say:

 def foo a,b
  a=a.to Bla
  b=b.to Boo
  ..do stuff
 end

This is somewhat similar to the lisp type declaring approach, in that it
allows the author to hint types using the full power of the language.


The system is extensible in that it allows conversion paths to be defined
from the developer of the starting type, of the target type or from third
party users.


It can be used to enhance interoperability between different
libraries, because it allows DeveloperA to build LibA while DeveloperB
develops LibB and ThirdUser can use both libraries if a simple conforming
path to LibT is provided. This is not something new, but a formalization of
a well known practice. This approach has proven itself useful in other languages (
for example,)


The system integrates in actual ruby (see sample implementation) but is not
limited to it.

The compiler/interpreter/vm may optimize the type conversions/declarations
based on compile time or runtime analisys, for example in cases like this:

def sum a,b
 a=a.as Numeric; b=b.as Numeric
 a+b
end
 sum 1,2 

by removing the check once informations about arguments are gathered.


Finally, this approach allows clean documentation of expected arguments, which
can be parsed by specialized tools (rdoc)


For examples of usage look at the provided implementation; it comes with
simple tests.

A simple implementation is provided. The basic algorithm is:

• 
  
• if start_type.is_a? target_type return start_type
• 
  
• if start_type.class.has_conversion_to target_type ->return
  convertion(self)
• 
  
• look in ancestors
• 
  
• if nothing is found or the conversion fails a TypeError is raised.
• 
  

Raising an error is better than giving a false, nil,
or default value because it allows the transformation of objects in Boolean
values or NilClass, allowing users to write their own boolean
transformation (often asked as #to_bool) without changing existing
classes. It also makes error checking possible, while still allowing easy usage of
default values like:

    foo= bla.to(Integer) rescue 0

Note that optional arguments for the conversion (such as the base
in Integer conversions) can be passed to the (#to,
#as, #to_type) method, and
are passed to the conversion Callable, so they still work as expected), i.e.

    '200'.to Integer, 16 

would convert the string into an Integer considering it encoded in
base 16.



Writing transformation paths is really simple.
Supposing we created a SortedCollection class. Converting an
Enumerable object would be easy:

  ConvRegistry[Enumerable,SortedCollection]= proc do |enum| 
                   sca=SortedCollection.new
                                            enum.each {|i| sc.insert i }
                                            sc
                                        end

Conversions to pseudoclass are also simple, i.e. a conversion from
Enumerable to a pseudoclass :Bool can be as easy as

  ConvRegistry[Enumerable,:Bool]=proc { |x| not x.empty? }

The behaviour of the proc is anyway not limited to simple statements.
The system allows many of the Interface-like systems proposed for ruby over the
years to be embedded in it, for example people could tag an object as implementing an
interface and write a conversion path that just checks this tag.



If this RCR is accepted if would be nice that this mechanism was easily
accessible from C code. So the proposal is that if this RCR is accepted that
it be rewritten in C, so that it has the same interface from Ruby,
but so that if this code can be written in Ruby:

                                                                   
  ConvRegistry[Enumerable,:Bool]=proc { ... }
  ConvRegistry[String,Integer]= proc { ... }
  ConvRegistry[Class,Enumerable]= proc ... }

It would be possible to write this in C:

  rb_define_conversion(rb_cEnumerable, rb_intern("Bool"),enum_to_bool);
  rb_define_conversion(rb_cString, rb_cInteger, string_to_int);
  rb_define_conversion(rb_cClass, rb_cEnumerable, class_to_enum);

One last thing:
The sample implementation does not allow automatic transitions between
arbitrary types. This means that if a path from T1 to T2 exists, and another
one exists from T2 to T3 then T1 could be automagically converted to T3.


This is not allowed because it makes the system more complex and less
predictable, plus there will be an ambiguity when two or more paths are defined
implicitly.

class ConvRegistry
    @@reg=Hash.new
    def self.[] from_type,to_type
        if res=@@reg[[from_type,to_type]]
            res
        elsif res= find_in_ancestors(from_type,to_type)
            res
        else
            raise TypeError.new("no conversion for #{from_type},#{to_type}")
                                                   
        end
    end
    def self.find_in_ancestors from_type,to_type
        from_type.ancestors[1..-1].each do |anc|
        if res2= @@reg[[anc,to_type]]
                return  res2
            end
        end
        nil
    end
    def self.[]= from_type,to_type,func
        @@reg[[from_type,to_type]]=func
    end
 
end
                                                                      
class Object
    def to(something,*args,&blk)
        if something.is_a? Module and self.is_a? something
            return self
   end
        ConvRegistry[self.class,something].call(self, *args,&blk)
    end
end

if __FILE__== $0
    require 'test/unit'
    require 'stringio'
    class MyTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
        def setup
   ConvRegistry[Enumerable,:Bool]=proc { |x| not x.empty? }
            ConvRegistry[String,Integer]= proc { |x,*args| x.to_i *args }
            ConvRegistry[Class,Enumerable]= proc { |x| x.send
:include,Enumerable }
   ConvRegistry[Object,Enumerable]= proc {|x| x.send :extend,
Enumerable }
   ConvRegistry[Object,:Frozen]= proc do |x|
                                    if x.frozen?
                                                    x
        else
                                                    raise TypeError.new
                                                end
         end
           ConvRegistry[Integer,:Odd]= proc   do |x|
                  if x%2==1
                                                    x
           else
                                                    raise TypeError.new
                                                end
         end
            ConvRegistry[Object,:Readable]= proc do |x|
               if x.respond_to? :read
                                                    x
                                                else
                    raise TypeError.new
                                                end
   end
        end

        def test_class_class
            assert_equal '5'.to(Integer),5
        end

        def test_subclass_class
            my=Class.new String
            m=my.new '5'
            assert_equal m.to(Integer),5
        end

        def test_class_module
           f_class=Class.new(Object)
           f_class.class_eval do
                def each
                    yield 1
                end
            end
            f_obj=f_class.to(Enumerable).new
            assert_equal f_obj.find_all {|x| x==1}, [1]
                                                                   
        end
                                                              
        def test_more_arguments
            a='aa'
            assert_equal 170,a.to(Integer, 16)
        end

        def test_instance_module
            f_class=Class.new Object
            f_class.class_eval do
                def each
                    yield 1
                end
            end
            f_obj=f_class.new
 f_obj=f_obj.to Enumerable
            assert_equal f_obj.find_all {|x| x==1}, [1]
        end

        def test_singleton_module
            f=Object.new
            def f.each
                yield 1
            end
            f=f.to(Enumerable)
            assert_equal f.find_all {|x| x==1}, [1]
        end
                                               
        def test_property_pseudoclass_ok
            a= 'ciao'
        a.freeze
            a=a.to(:Frozen)
                                      
            assert_equal a, 'ciao'
        end

        def test_property_pseudoclass_fail
            assert_raises(TypeError) {'ciao'.to :Frozen}
        end
                                           
        def test_property_pseudoclass_ok2
            a=5
            a=a.to :Odd
            assert_equal a,5
        end
                   
                                                                             
        def test_property_pseudoclass_fail2
            assert_raises(TypeError) {6.to :Odd}
        end
                          
        def test_object_superclass
            a=42
            assert_equal a, a.to(Integer)
        end

        def test_object_mixin_ok
            a=[]
            assert_equal a,a.to(Enumerable)
        end
                                            
        def test_object_mixin_fail
            a=5
            assert_raises(TypeError) {a.to Enumerable}
        end

        def test_methodbag_pseudoclass_ok
            a=StringIO.new
            assert_equal a,a.to(:Readable)
        end
                                
        def test_methodbag_pseudoclass_fail
            a=24
          assert_raises(TypeError) {a.to :Readable}
        end

        def test_enumerable_bool
            a=''
            assert_equal false, a.to( :Bool)
            a << 1
            assert_equal true , a.to( :Bool)
            a=[]
            assert_equal false, a.to( :Bool)
   a << 1
            assert_equal true , a.to( :Bool)
        end
    end
end

  def bar( anyThing )
    x = anyThing.to_s
    ..use x
  end